Monday August 27th saw NASA host another news briefing on Curiosity’s progress, which included some amazing new images and well as updates on SAM and recent manoeuvrings with the rover.

The briefing started with a message “from Mars”, in the form of a recording of a greeting by NASA Administrator and former astronaut, Charles Bowden. Carried by Curiosity to Mars and then transmitted back to Earth, the message, lasting just over a minute, represents the first broadcast of a human voice from another planet. While primarily of PR value, the broadcast demonstrated the capabilities available with the rover working with (in particular) the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO) when transferring large amounts of data to Earth; the speech represented some 4 megabits of voice data, which was transmitted alongside other information. As it is, in just three weeks, Curiosity has returned more data to Earth than the entire Pathfinder and MER rover missions combined.

SAM takes a Sniff

SAM, the Sample Analysis at Mars, is a suite of instruments designed to analyse organics and gases from both atmospheric and solid samples. On Saturday August 25th SAM was allowed to take its first sample of the Martian air, albeit as an engineering calibration exercise rather than a science experiment. After a slight “blip” in the proceedings when traces of calibration gas which should have been evacuated from the system beforehand were measured rather than Martian air, the tests successfully confirmed SAM’s atmospheric sampling capabilities are ready for action. In the future SAM will not only be able to sniff the air (and “taste” samples of Martian rock and soil delivered to it by the robot arm), it should even be able to tell us what Mars smells like (which, given it is thought Gale Crater has levels of sulphur dioxide present, is liable to be, “Ewww! Rotten eggs!”).

Mastcam Demonstrates its Power

The two Mastcam cameras (M100 (telephoto) and M34 (wide-angle)) have almost completed their characterisation check-outs and the Malin Space Science Systems team is getting ready to turn them over to the MSL science team for the start of science operations. Key to this work has been ensuring the cameras are properly focused, a process that has required using the both camera lenses to take high-resolution images across a range of distances. This has resulted in some amazing mosaics of Gale Crater being produced.

In the above image, Mastcam reveals Gale Crater: the grit-like surface on which the rover sits extends outwards to the South-west for about 125m (406ft), and is followed by a slight dip in the land that extends a further 105m (341ft) from the rover to the lip of a small crater about 20m (65ft) across. Beyond the rim of the crater can be seen what is described as a low-lying “moat” surrounding the flanks of “Mount Sharp”, the middle of which is about 3.7km (2.3 miles) from the rover. Beyond this is a field of sand dunes some 5.5km (3.4 miles) distant, with the base slopes of the mound just beyond them. The regions the science team are particularly interested in extend from about 6.6km (4 miles) from the rover out to about 10.7km (6.7 miles).

The image above shows a zoomed-in view of the region of interest, with the dune field in the immediate foreground. The inset image is of a rock roughly the size of Curiosity (the black dot in the inset image), pictured to hep give a sense of scale to the mesas, and show what the rover might look like if it could be pictured from Bradbury Landing once it starts exploring “Mount Sharp”.

While the area of interest is only 10km (6 miles) from Bradbury Landing, it would take Curiosity 100 days to reach it, were it to drive at full speed – which is obviously not what is going to happen, as there is much to study along the way.

On August 27th, NASA released a panoramic movie of Gale Crater and “Mount Sharp” put together using images from the Mastcam captured on the 8th and 18th August (prior to the focus calibrations being completed). The images have been white-balanced to match sunlight levels on earth, with 640×360 and 1280×720 Quick Time version of the movie available on the JPL website (note the 1280 movie is over 242Mb in size and may take time to download and stream).

Continue reading “Curiosity: speaking from Mars” →

This week has been perhaps the busiest to date for the MSL team, with a series of milestones for the project being reached one after another which pretty much complete the initial characterisation phase of the mission (phases 1a and 1b). These have included the first firings of the rover’s laser system, an initial stretching of the instrument-laden robot arm and Curiosity’s first drive.

Zap!

On Sol 13 (19th August), the mission team carried out the first test firings of the ChemCam laser at a surface object. The inaugural target was a small rock some 7 centimetres (3 inches) across which scientists christened “Coronation” to mark the event, but which was previously designated N165. It had been selected as it presented a relatively flat surface to the rover.

The test firing lasted some 10 seconds, during which the rock was struck by 30 pulses from the laser system, each pulse delivering more than a million watts of power for about five billionths of a second to a tiny spot on the surface of the rock, vaporising it into plasma. Light from the plasma was captured by ChemCam’s telescope and fed via fibre-optics to the rover’s three spectrometers for analysis.

The results were far better than anticipated, prompting ChemCam Deputy Project Scientist Sylvestre Maurice of the Institut de Recherche en Astrophysique et Planetologie (IRAP) in Toulouse, France, to comment, “It’s surprising that the data are even better than we ever had during tests on Earth, in signal-to-noise ratio. It’s so rich, we can expect great science from investigating what might be thousands of targets with ChemCam in the next two years.”

This was followed-up with a further series of firings on Sol 16 at some of the rocks exposed by the motors of the Descent Stage as it hovered in “skycrane” mode to lower the rover onto the surface of Gale Crater. Here the laser was fired some 50 times at three targets in the exposed rocks, which were also photographed by ChemCam’s RMI.

Stretch

On Sol 14 Curiosity finally got to give her arm a bit of a stretch. The 2.1-metre (7 foot) long arm includes a 60-centimetre (2 ft) diameter “hand” called the Turret, which contains a range of scientific instruments and tools essential to the mission, including a dedicated camera (the Mars Hand Lens Imager, or MAHLI), a drill system, a scoop for collecting Martian soil (“fines”), and an Alpha-particle X-ray Spectrometer (APXS).

In this initial manoeuvre, the arm was raised, extended and rotated to use all five of its joints prior to it being stowed once more in preparation for Curiosity’s first drive. The manoeuvre marks the first step in calibrating the arm’s movements and preparing it for science operations. Further tests of the arm and its equipment load will take place over the next several weeks, but the system is unlikely to be fully commissioned until around mid-October.

Continue reading “Curiosity: stretch, wriggle and roll!” →

Work continues on readying Curiosity for surface operations on Mars, with characterisation phase well underway.

The week has seen the rover’s Chemistry and Camera system – ChemCam – undergoing its calibration tests using a target system located towards the back of the rover, while scientists have been looking for candidates for the first full test firing of the system at a suitable surface target.

ChemCam is a complex system split between Curiosity’s mast and body. The mast unit is the large box-like unit at the top of the mast. It contains a laser unit, a remote micro-imager (RMI) and a telescope for focusing both.

The body unit carries three spectrographs for chemical analysis and has its own power supply and an electronic interface to the rover’s central computer system.

ChemCam has two main functions, split between the laser system (the Laser-induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS), to give it its proper name) and the Remote Micro-Imager (RMI).

LIBS is designed to fire series of laser pulses at a target spot smaller than 1 millimetre on the surface of rocks and soils, vaporizing it. Light from the resultant plasma is captured by the telescope and sent via fibre-optics to the on-board spectrographs for analysis, which should provide information in unprecedented detail about minerals and micro structures in Martian rocks. Additionally, the laser can be used to remove dust from the surfaces of rocks, allowing the drill on Curiosity’s hand to obtain samples of the rock free from surface contaminants.

The RMI provides black-and-white images at 1024×1024 resolution in a 0.02 radian (1.1 degree) field of view – approximately equivalent to a 1500mm lens on a 35mm camera. RMI has two functions. In the first, it will be used in conjunction with LIBS to identify suitable targets and target locations (targets can be selected autonomously or via Earth-based selection and command). Working independently of LIBS, it will be used to obtain close-up images in support of robot arm-mounted experiments or provide images of very distant objects.

This week, ChemCam was calibrated using a target system mounted on the rear section of the rover, mounted below the UHF antenna. As a result of this, ChemCam was confirmed ready for operations, and is expected to make it first test-firing on an actual Martian rock sample on Saturday August 18th. The sample is provisionally designated N165, and sits a short distance from the rover.

ChemCam is a joint US / French experiment, with the US Los Alamos National Laboratory providing the body unit, the French national space agency (CNES) proving the mast unit (RMI, laser, etc.) and JPL the fibre-optic link between the two.

Continue reading “Curiosity: getting ready to zap around” →

Curiosity should be resuming the characterisation phase tests following the upgrading of the on-board computer systems to the R10 flight package. Following the upgrade, NASA hosted a teleconference in which it was indicated the software transition proceeded smoothly and successfully.

This week will see the REMS system commence  continuous operations, so mission scientists are hoping to get the first complete 24+ hour Sol cycle of weather data returned later in the week. The mission planners are also looking to run another series of high-resolution images of “Mount Sharp”, right up to the peak of the mound, now that the rover’s orientation relative to the ground and the Sun are understood.

With the successful software transitioning, the characterisation phase for the rover now enters stage 1b characterisation (the first week having been 1a characterisation). This will see more of the rover’s science systems enter operation, and preparations made for Curiosity’s first drive. This will be preceded on Sol 13 by a static test of the rover’s steering actuators. The initial drive – probably no more than a few metres and turning the rover in an arc – is currently scheduled for Sol 15.

It is estimated that the 1b characterisation phase will last a couple of weeks, and should result in everything aboard the rover being declared as commissioned and ready for operations with the exception of the robot arm and hand. These will be tested during a third characterisation phase (called “characterisation 2”), which is still around a month away. In the period between the end of characterisation 1b and characterisation 2, the rover will be commencing an initial set of science operations using its other instruments.

As it stands, mission staff are already building up a plan for the rover’s traverse from the landing zone to the slopes of “Mount Sharp”. The mound is only around 8 kilometres (5 miles) from the rover, but the route will not be direct, and there are a number of mesas the rover must navigate around – and which may themselves have points of interest to be investigated, although the aim is to get the rover into the ravines cutting into the slopes of the mound, rather than in diversions elsewhere.

Mission Trivia: Does Curiosity Dream of Electric Sheep?

To conserve power, Curiosity has what is called a “sleep state” in which the main computers are hibernating and systems are largely running in a minimal state. During this time, monitoring the rover’s status and condition is the responsibility of a small monitoring system independent of the rover’s computers. JPL engineers refer to the data returned from this unit (the MRU) as Curiosity’s “dream state”.

See Gale crate for Yourself

Want to see Gale Crater exactly as Curiosity sees it as the Mastcam is rotated through 360-degrees? Want the ability to zoom in and out of images and have a look at the rover itself?

Photographer Andrew Bodrov has taken images captured by Curiosity’s  Mastcam last week and put them into a superb 360-degree interactive panorama, allowing you to see Gale Crater, the surface of Mars and the rover itself in marvellous detail (the images of the rover used here are captured from the view).

To take a look for yourself, visit the 360cities.net website (unfortunately, WordPress.com blew a raspberry at attempts to embed the view here).

MSL coverage in this blog

With thanks to MartinRJ Fayray for info on the 360cities interactive display.

Curiosity continues to operate well on Mars, with the MSL mission’s characterisation activity phase proceeding precisely as planned.

The last two Sols have been the focus of some intense work, including preparing the rover for what NASA has dubbed its “brain transplant”.

Like all computers, Curiosity’s computers have finite storage capacity, and to cram all the code required for the mission aboard the rover would be impossible. So the software in broken-down in sections that equate to various phases of the mission. The software is then uploaded to the rover and committed to its on-board computers as it becomes required, over-writing the previous mission phase software.

Prior to its arrival on Mars, Curiosity’s software was concerned with three things: the cruise phase of the mission (keeping the vehicle on-course for Mars and the planned landing site and correctly oriented for both this and communications with Earth); carrying out experiments to monitor radiation in interplanetary space and how it penetrates the vehicle (part of planning for a manned mission to Mars); and the EDL (Entry Descent, Landing) phase of the mission itself. Now the rover has landed, that software package (called the R9 Flight Software Package) has done its job, and so needs to be replaced with the software (called the R10 Flight Software Package) required for Curiosity to operate on Mars.

Sol 3

The day began with the upload of R10 files to Curiosity. Installation did not immediately take place – it is planned to commence on Sol 5 – but the rover’s back-up computer was powered-up and checked-out ready for the upcoming software upgrade. The transition will be handled on a per computer basis, in case anything unforeseen occurs. The software will, among other things, allow the robot arm and  Curiosity’s “hand” of instruments to be activated and checked out. The software also contains software related to Curiosity’s ability to drive on Mars and self-navigate.

The hand is crucial to the mission, containing a range of instruments capable of a range of tasks including: viewing surface features in extreme close-up (the MAHLI camera); gathering soil and dust samples from the surface; scraping the surface of rocks and drilling into them to obtain samples, and so on, all of which can be returned to the rover’s onboard analysis lab.

The Mastcam completed final calibration and then undertook a 360-degree look at Gale Crater around the rover with 130 images, each compressed into a 144×144 pixel format, returned to Earth and used to create the first colour panoramic view of the rover’s location.

The Navcams were used to take high resolution images of the rover’s deck, taking a number of shots which revealed the vehicle to have some small debris scattered on the deck as a result of jet-wash from the descent stage motors, but nothing serious. These images were returned together with the low-res colour images during the scheduled overhead passes of Mars Odyssey and the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO).

Image above: Curiosity’s rear deck. One the extreme left of the image, angling away from the deck is the RTG housing at the back of the rover. Immediately to the right of this, sitting on top of the raised structure is the arrow-like low-gain antenna (LGA). In front of this and side-on to the camera is the high-gain antenna (HGA). The rim of Gale Crater is the line of sun-brightened hills on the horizon.

Sol 3 also saw initial check-outs completed on a range of other instruments on the rover: the Alpha Particle X-ray Spectrometer (APXS), Chemistry & Mineralogy Analyzer (CheMin), Sample Analysis at Mars (SAM), and Dynamic Albedo Neutrons (DAN), all of which were successful.  instruments were all successful. Issues with the Remote Environmental Monitoring Station (REMS) were resolved, allowing both REMS and RAD (Radiation Assessment Detector) to return further data on the environmental and climatic conditions in Gale Crater to Earth.

Image above: a further image of Curiosity’s deck taken as the Navcam rotates more towards the front of the rover in relation to the previous image. The LGA, HGA and drive system arm can still be seen to the left. In the right foreground is the rover’s “hand”, still in its stowed position against the front of the vehicle. Pebbles and dirt can clearly been seen on the rover’s deck, thrown-up by the jet-wash from the descent stage motors. Blast marks from the motors can themselves be seen a short distance from the rover.

Sol 4

Sol 4 was a relatively quiet day for the mission. Work continued on preparing the rover to transition to the R10 Flight Software. Key capabilities in the R10 package, as mentioned above, enable full use of Curiosity’s robotic arm and hand, and includes advanced image processing to check for obstacles while driving. This software will enable Curiosity far more autonomous than is the case with Opportunity, allowing it to make much longer drives along routes it identifies for itself and to avoid potential hazards along the way.

During the period of the transition, science and check-out operations have been deferred, and while the rover did return some images and additional data to Earth, the focus was on readying the on-board systems for the new software. The transition itself is expected to run through the weekend, with an end-time targeted for August 13th (PDT) Earth time. While this work is ongoing, the mission scientists have been putting together a geological map of a rough 390 square kilometre (150 square mile) region of Gale Crater, including the landing zone.

Elsewhere in JPL, and following the successful MSL landing, a unique video was cut together mixing footage from the “seven minutes of terror” simulation of Curiosity’s arrival on Mars with scenes from mission control at JPL during the actual sequence of events from EDL. The result is a unique film that puts a new perspective on the mission and the landing sequence.

Mission Trivia

Curiosity’s Sol 3 wake-up call came in the form of Good Mornin’ from Singin’ in the Rain. 

MSL coverage in this blog

All images: credit NASA / JPL