Category: Other Worlds and Tech

Astronomy is a field of observation / science / study that is pretty much open to anyone with a passion and understanding of things celestial to make a contribution, whether amateur or professional in the field.

Take Hideo Nishimura, for example. As an amateur astronomer living in Kakegawa, Japan, he decided to take advantage of the clear skies overhead on August 11th, 2023 and take some photographs of the sky using his telescope and imager. It wasn’t the first time he’s done this – like many other amateur astronomers he gets enormous pleasure out of imaging and studying the night sky. However, the results caused a little more excitement than expected in the Nishimura household when Hideo noticed that in one of his images, taken towards the direction of the setting Sun showed an object that shouldn’t have been there. After contacting the International Astronomical Union, which followed-up his observations via the Minor Planet Centre, Hideo was informed he has discovered a comet making what is likely to be its first – and only – passage through the inner solar system.

Now called C/2023 P1 Nishimura in his honour, the comet is believed to be an object originating in the Oort cloud, and was knocked out of its distant orbit around the Sun by collision or some other interaction, and has been gradually “falling” towards the Sun ever since.

Such objects are not uncommon – the “C” in the title of such objects indicates they likely originate from the Oort cloud and either end up passing through the solar system and long-period comets (i.e. taking anything from a couple of hundred years to several thousand to loop around the Sun) such as C/2011 W3 (Lovejoy) seen at the top of this article. However, occasionally,  some end up accumulating sufficient velocity during their inward “fall” towards the Sun that rather than looping around it and staying in an elongated orbit, they are accelerated like a pebble out of a slingshot, escape the Sun’s influence altogether, to eventually vanish into interstellar space.

And that’s exactly what C/2023 P1 Nishimura looks set to do (the 2023/P1 in the title indicated its year of discovery and the fact it was the first such object to be discovered in the first half of August (the IAU splitting the months in two alphabetically for objects like comets – So January 1th through 15^th is A; then January 16^th to 31^st is B, with February 1^st through 15^th C, and so on, with both I and Z ignored to avoid confusion with 1 and 2).

Currently, the comet is at a magnitude of around 9.4, meaning it can only be seen using telescopes of 15cm or larger. However, as it approaches the Sun, it is expected to grow much brighter, potentially becoming visible to the naked eye at around a magnitude of 4.9 in the period September 10-15^th (during which time it will be at its closest to Earth, around 0.85 AU distant) and may by that time demonstrate a tail.

Between September 10^th and 12^th, period, the comet will be visible for a few hours before dawn in the constellation Leo. From September 13^th, it will transition to being an evening object visible immediately after sunset. It will reach perihelion (closest approach to the Sun) on September 18^th, when it will appear to be in the constellation of Virgo, about 12° away from the Sun. Perihelion is also the point at which C/2023 P1 Nishimura faces its greatest threat: in passing around the Sun, it is possible the differential forces of its acceleration and the Sun’s gravity might cause it to break up.

Following perihelion the comet will start to move away from the Sun – and out of the solar system – offering those in the northern hemisphere with perhaps the best opportunities to view it, although it will diminish in brightness quite rapidly, and once again require a telescope to see it from October onwards.

Those who are interested in astronomy and use apps as an adjunct to their skywatching might like to know that both Sky Tonight and Star Walk 2 apps (the latter may require the purchase of an add-on), provide the comet’s trajectory and brightness in real-time, giving you the most accurate and up-to-date information on where to view it

These are some of the upcoming dates for observations. Note that use of naked eye, binoculars, etc., and visibility in general dependent on factors such as eyesight, location, amount of light pollution, etc.):

Lunar Missions Update

My recent Space Sunday pieces have been in part covering two robotic missions to the surface of the Moon – India’s Chandrayaan-3 and Russia’s Luna-25.

Whilst having launched almost a month after Chanrayaan-3, Luna-25 – by dint of using a more powerful launch vehicle coupled with a somewhat more direct (“spiral”) flight to the Moon – actually arrived in a position from which a landing attempt could be made first.

Thus, on August 19^th, 2023 (UTC) the Russian lander – which had performed flawlessly throughout the mission to this point – commenced an engine burn which unfortunately did not go well.

Thrust was released to transfer the probe onto the pre-landing orbit During the operation, an emergency situation occurred on board the automatic station, which did not allow the carrying out of the manoeuvre within the specified conditions.

– Roscosmos statement on Luna-25 released via Russia’s Telegram messaging service

The command to start the manoeuvre was sent at 23:10 UTC on August 19^th, the engine burn intended to orient and position the vehicle ready for a decent and landing on August 21^st. However, direct communications with the vehicle were lost at or around 23:57 UTC.

Later on August 20^th, Roscsomos issued an update in which it was confirmed that all attempts to re-establish communications contact with the vehicle had failed, and the a preliminary review of the flight data received prior to contact terminating suggested the craft had deviated from its flightpath during the engine burn sufficiently that it afterwards crashed into the Lunar surface – although at the time of writing, investigations into the loss were obviously still very much in the initial phases.

Meanwhile, on August 17^th, the Chanrayaan-3 lander / rover combination launched by the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) in July successfully separated from their propulsion module, 12 days after initially arriving in an extended lunar orbit. Separation placed the lander / rover combination under their own power and allowed them to start their final set of manoeuvres in preparation for a descent and landing. The first of these was performed on August 19th, when the Vikram lander made the first of the small adjustments needed to bring it down to the 100 km altitude from which the landing attempt will be made on August 23rd.

In PR terms, both of these missions are relatively “high stakes” for both Russia and India. Chanrayaan-3 is intended to overcome the loss of the lander/rover combination which crashed onto the Moon on September 6^th, 2019 as a part of the highly ambitious Chanrayaan-2 mission. That loss still overshadows the fact that the third element of the mission, the lunar orbiter, continues to orbit the Moon carrying out its own very successful science mission. In this, it will be joined by the Chanrayaan-3 propulsion module, which although not by definition a satellite, nevertheless carries a small suite of instruments intended to study Earth’s atmosphere from afar, and – according to the ISRO – also scan exoplanets to assess their potential for habitability.

Luna 25, meanwhile, was intended to herald Russian’s return to independent deep-space exploration 47 years after its last lunar mission (Luna-24) and 34 years since its last attempt at an interplanetary mission (Phoboos 2) – both of which were soviet-era missions. It was also intended to demonstrate Russia’s ability to be a major player in the China-led International Lunar Research Station (ILRS) – the launch of the mission even having one of the senior Chinese officials for that programme, Wu Yanhua present.

These are far from the only missions heading for the Moon over the next few years. Japan, for example, is due to launch its Smart Lander for Investigating Moon (SLIM) vehicle on August 25^th (UTC). This is a technology demonstrator designed to make exploration more precise and economical, and which is cadging a ride on the H-IIA launch of Japan’s X-Ray Imaging and Spectroscopy Mission (XRISM, pronounced “crism”) space telescope.

Unlike Luna 25 and Chanrayaan-3, SLIM will not be going to the lunar South Pole, but will be heading for a group of volcanic domes located in Oceanus Procellarum, 18oN of the lunar equator, where it will attempt to guide itself to a landing close to the Marius Hills Hole, a lunar lava tube entrance. Nevertheless, its landing will be as challenging as those for any mission to the Moon, and the loss of Luna 25 reminds us that lunar exploration is still a hazardous undertaking.

Also heading to the Moon – this time in November – will be Nova-C lander, the first private mission to the Moon to be carried out by Intuitive Machines under the mission title IM-1. Selected as a part of NASA’s  Commercial Lunar Payload Services (CLPS) programme, the mission will deliver a suite of science instruments and mini-rovers to at Malapert A near the lunar south pole. I’ll likely have more on this mission and Japan’s XRISM and SLIM in a future update.

India has finally launched its third lunar exploration mission, Chandrayaan-3, after a series of delays pushed it back from a November 2020 target to August 2022 (thanks largely to the COVID pandemic), and then back to July 2023. Part of an ambitious programme initiated by the Indian Space Research Organisation to join in international efforts to explore the Moon (under the umbrella name of Chandrayaan – “Moon Craft” – initiated in 2003), the mission is also the result of an earlier failure within the Chandrayaan programme.

The first mission – Chandrayaan-1 – delivered a small orbiter to the Moon in 2008. It scored an immediate success for ISRO, when a lunar penetrator fired into the Moon’s surface by the orbiter confirmed the existence of water molecules trapped within the lunar sub-surface, whilst the orbiter did much to profile the nature of the Moon’s almost non-existent atmosphere.

In 2019, ISRO launched Chandrayaan-2, comprising an orbiter, a lander (Vikram,  named after cosmic ray scientist Vikram Sarabhai, regarded as the founder of India’s space programme), and a small rover called Pragyan (“Wisdom”).

The orbiter is currently approaching the end of its fourth year of continuous lunar operations out of a planned 7.5-year primary mission. However, following a successful separation from the orbiter in September 2019, the Vikram lander deviated from its intended trajectory starting at 2.1 km altitude, eventually crashing onto the Moon’s surface, destroying itself and the rover, apparently the result of a software glitch.

Originally, that mission was to have been followed in 2025 by Chandrayaan-3, part of a joint mission with Japan and referred to as the Lunar Polar Exploration Mission. However, following the loss of the Chandrayaan-2 lander and rover – both of which were also testbeds for technologies to be used in 2025 -, ISRO decided to re-designate that project internally as Chandrayaan-4, and announce a new Chandrayaan-3 mission to replicate the lander / rover element of Chandrayaan-2 mission.

The revised Chandrayaan-3 mission lifted-off Satish Dhawan Space Centre at 09:05 UTC on July 14^th, entering an elliptical orbit around Earth with a perigee of 173km and apogee of 41,762km. Over the next couple of weeks, the mission’s power and propulsion module will use 5 close approaches to Earth to further extend its orbit’s apogee further and further from Earth until it can slip into a trans-lunar injection flight and move to an initial extended orbit around the Moon around August 5th.

After this, the orbit will be reduced and circularised to just 100km above the Moon’s surface at this point, around August 23^rd or 24^th, 2023, the lander – also called Vikram, this time meaning “valour” – will separate from the propulsion module and attempt a soft landing within the Moon’s south polar region.

If successful, rover and lander will then commence a 15-day mission  – the length of time sunlight will be available to power them before the onset of a month-long lunar night. The lander will conduct its work using three science instruments, and the 6-wheeled rover using two science payloads. These will be used to probe the composition of the lunar surface and attempt to detect the presence of water ice in the lunar soil and also examine the evolution of the Moon’s atmosphere. Communications with Earth will be maintained by both the orbiting propulsion module and the Chandrayaan-2 orbiter. If, for any reason, a landing on August 23^rd or 24^th cannot be achieved, the lander and rover will remain mated to the propulsion module through until mid-September, when the Sun will again deliver light (and power) to the landing area, allowing the landing attempt to be made.

How Old is the Universe?

It’s long been assumed that the universe is around 14 billion years old – or 13.7, according to a 2021 study using the Lambda-CDM concordance model. However, such estimates fail to account the likes of HD 140283, the so-called “Methuselah star”, which also estimated to be between 13.7 and 12 billion years old – as old as the universe itself, which in theory it should be a good deal younger.

This oddity has been further compounded by the James Webb Space Telescope locating numerous galaxies which appear to have reached full maturity – in cosmic terms – within 300 million years of the birth of the universe, rather than taking the billions evidenced by the vast majority of the galaxies we can see – including our own.

In an attempt to try to reconcile these oddities with our understanding of the age of the universe, a team led by Rajendra Gupta, adjunct professor of physics in the Faculty of Science at the University of Ottawa, has sought to develop an alternate model for the age of the universe – and appear to have revealed it could be twice its believed age.

They did this by combining a long-standing (and in-and-out of favour) theory called “tired light” with tweaked versions of certain long-established constants. “Tired light” suggests light spontaneously loses energy over time, and as it travels across the cosmos over billion years, it naturally red-shifts and so gives a false suggestion of cosmic expansion. It’s an idea which fell out of favour when other evidence confirmed cosmic expansion, but has regained so popularity since JWST started its observations; however, it doesn’t work on its own, so the researchers turned to various constants deemed to by immutable in terms of the state of the universe – the speed of light, the charge of an electron, and the gravitational constant.

By tweaking these, in a manner that is possible given our understanding of the universe, Gupta and his team found that it is possible to model a universe that appears younger than it actually is – in their estimation, 26.7 billion years of age. However, there is a problem with the idea: when you start tweaking known constants which cannot be proven to have changed, and it is potentially possible to come up with any model to fit an assumption. Ergo, the research cannot be seen as in any way definitive.

To counter this, Gupta points out there are a couple of hypothetical constants we use to account for the universe appearing and acting as it does – dark matter and dark energy. As I’ve noted previously, the latter is believed to be in part responsible for the expansion for the universe, and thus its age. However, its influence is currently hypothetical, and thus also subject to potential revision as such, the study suggests that if in influence of dark energy is found to be different to what is generally believed, it might yet indicate that the universe is a good deal older than is generally accepted.

Time will tell on this, but with ESA’s recently-launched Euclid mission is attempting to seek and characterise and potentially quantify both dark matter and dark energy, an answer might be coming sooner rather than later.

Continue reading “Space Sunday: the Moon, money and the universe” →